Africa Up Close

A sign display for a Confucius Institute. Photo courtesy of Mark Morgan via Flickr Creative Commons. 

Zambians who have the opportunity should learn Mandarin, fast. In 2019, the Zambian government announced that beginning in 2020, Mandarin Chinese will form part of the Zambian high school curriculum. This move has provoked criticism from those who deem it a sycophantic move by the Zambian government. The accusation finds merit, in part, because the Zambian government is not seen to be introducing Mandarin in good faith, but rather to mollify China, a country to which it is deeply indebted. According to the Jubilee Debt Campaign, a UK-based charity, by 2017 Zambia owed a third of its $9.4bn foreign debt to China. This figure was conservative compared to the $6.4bn established by the China Africa Research Initiative (CARI), of Johns Hopkins University. According to CARI statistics, 73.5 percent of Zambia’s $8.7bn debt is owed to China. These figures do not bode well for perceptions of Sino-Zambian relations, especially among civil society organizations leery of China’s growing presence in Zambia.

School children in Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya. Photo courtesy of D. Willetts via UNESCO.

The 1951 Refugee Convention spells out refugee rights, including the right to freedom of movement. Yet 68 years later, 15.9 million people are trapped in prolonged exile, living as refugees for anywhere from 5 to 47 years and counting. The unprecedented duration of protracted refugee situations (PRS) and the increasing scale of forced migration demand a comprehensive response beyond humanitarian assistance.

Photo of a mock camera man on May 6, 2019, during a sit-in protest at the Military Headquarters in Khartoum, Sudan. This photo was taken by Ms. Shereen M. Omer, she gave Dr. Fadlalla permission to use her photo.

Sudan’s protest reached its peak on April 6, 2019—the anniversary day of the April 1985 uprising—when it turned into a sit-in in the front of the military headquarters in Khartoum. From December 19, 2018, until the deadly crackdown on the sit-in on June 3, 2019, protesters faced the bullets of snipers shooting at them randomly from different directions; they mourned, picked themselves up, and kept chanting “peaceful, peaceful,” as they buried their loved ones.

Burundi peacekeepers prepare for their next rotation to Somalia. Photo courtesy of US Army Africa via Flickr Commons.

On April 3, 2019, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg visited Washington, D.C. to plead his case. Mr. Stoltenberg insisted on the continued importance of his organization to the collective security of European and North American states. Under pressure from forces on both sides of the Atlantic that claim the alliance to be obsolete, Mr. Stoltenberg stood before Congress and declared that “it is good [for America] to have friends” like those in NATO. To bolster his case, he also cited increased defense spending by member states to the tune of $41 billion—a clear gesture of goodwill and reassurance to U.S. President Donald Trump, who has lambasted NATO allies that do not meet the defense spending target of 2 percent of GDP and has openly questioned the value of the alliance. Since Mr. Trump’s election in 2016, NATO has come under increased scrutiny from many in the United States, threatening the near-universal support enjoyed by the alliance since its creation in 1949. 

The 2019 State of the Nation Address in Cape Town. Photo courtesy of the Government of South Africa via Flickr Commons. 

South Africans went to the polls on May 8, 2019, for the sixth National and Provincial elections since 1994. The outcome offers an insight into the continued evolution of the 25-year-old democracy. A victory for the governing African National Congress (ANC) was never in doubt. The question was the margin of the victory in light of the party’s shortcomings over the past decade, notably maladministration and corruption as uncovered in the ongoing Commission of Inquiry into State Capture; and the tragedies of the Life Healthcare Esidimeni patients, and Marikana mine protest. In addition, entrenched inequality remains a challenge. The 2018 World Bank report on Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa (compiled with the Government of South Africa), highlights that while progress has been made since 1994, inequality, poverty, and high unemployment persist, with South Africa being one of the most unequal countries in the world. The inequality remains highly racialized. In the robust campaigning that characterized the elections, opposition parties made sure to highlight these issues and others in vying for an increased share of the votes. With the dust settled, the following four issues are worth highlighting.

President Donald Trump delivers the 2019 State of the Union address at the U.S. Capitol. Photo courtesy of The White House via Flickr Commons. ( Photo by D. Myles Cullen)

Trump never mentioned Africa during his February 5, 2019 State of the Union address, and rarely has Africa featured in the president’s major foreign policy priorities. Instead, Mr. Trump has tended to frame foreign policy objectives as extensions of domestic policy, indicative of his “America First” approach to international affairs. Foreign policy experts must, therefore, analyze his words through this lens, as domestic issues in the Trump Administration can carry real weight abroad and hold key insights into the president’s primary concerns and objectives. The president’s foreign policy priorities for Africa, as outlined by National Security Advisor John Bolton on December 13, 2018, and Trump’s State of the Union speech two months later, shed light on the administration’s chief concerns for the future of U.S.-Africa relations and contain major implications for American engagement on the continent. 

Participants from the G5 Sahel Investment Conference in September 2018, a joint conference by the International Republican Institute, the G5 Sahel Permanent Secretariat, and regional youth leaders which aimed to publicize economic investment opportunities for young people in the Sahel. Photo courtesy of the International Republican Institute. 

In December 2018, leaders of the G5 Sahel Joint Force Member States—Mali, Mauritania, Chad, Burkina Faso, and Niger—and international donors gathered for a coordination conference in Nouakchott, Mauritania to orchestrate funding for the Joint Force’s Priority Investment Program (PIP) aimed at addressing the Sahel region’s chronic violence and fragility. The G5’s PIP reflects the strategic intention to operationalize the Joint Force as an instrument both of security and development—a strategy that would adequately address the complex socio-economic, political, and climate change challenges driving instability across the region.

The Atlantic Ocean along a shoreline in Ifni, Morrocco. Picture courtesy of mbohl via Flickr Commons. 

African peace and security challenges in relation to the continent’s wider maritime scope and its interplay with external political actors receive little attention. Yet, much of the internal politics that affect peacebuilding in Africa involve interregional actors, such as Europe and the Mideast. This lack of attention is not seen in the South Atlantic where the Zone of Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (ZPCSA), operates as a multilateral platform between some African and South American nations. The ZPCSA’s goal is preserving regional peace and a nuclear-free-zone in regions where documented illegal trafficking flows link South America, West Africa, and Europe, and security challenges plague the Gulf of Guinea, a transport nexus in the Afro-Atlantic oil trade.

H.E. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa, President of the Republic of South Africa, addresses the General Assembly’s seventy-third session. Photo courtesy of the United Nations. 

South Africa was elected to join the UN Security Council (UNSC) as a non-permanent member on June 8, 2018 for the 2019-2020 term, replacing Ethiopia as the third African Council member and joining Equatorial Guinea and Ivory Coast. This is the country’s third UNSC membership, following its prior roles in 2007-2008 and 2011-2012.

N1 Highway Midrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Photo courtesy of Paul Saad via Flickr Commons.

Developing countries are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as drought, flooding, severe weather events, and threats to humanity’s basic needs like food, water, energy, and shelter. The African continent knows much about the impacts of climate change. But what can it do about it?